In the tradition of the New Deal, Kennedy tried to outline this program, which he called the " New Frontier." However, given his razor-thin victory over Richard Nixon in the 1960 election plus the non-cooperation from Congress, Kennedy was cautious in what he proposed. Kennedy (1961 –1963) embraced the ideals of social justice as he proposed education, health, and civil rights reforms. Though not the full-throated liberal that his Vice President, Lyndon Johnson, was, newly elected President John F. The rise of the Civil Rights Movement in the mid-1950s appeared to signal this opportunity. Even as the patriotic consensus of World War II was followed by the repressive anticommunist consensus of the early Cold War, the New Deal coalition of Democrats, organized labor, ethnic and racial minorities forged in the 1930s stayed in touch and waited for the opportunity to put forward its agenda. Given the national priority of fighting the World War II (1939 –1945), social activism lost the compelling momentum that it had exhibited in the 1930s. But even as early as the later 1930s, this confident vision of the welfare state had begun to run aground on a politically conservative Congress and Supreme Court intent on dismantling the New Deal safety net. This definition of the welfare state was largely put into practice in Western Europe after the war. Roosevelt (1933 –1945) expressed a new, broader vision of the social contract between the people and the government: from now on, the national governments of industrial societies were responsible for assuring the welfare of citizens unable to provide for themselves. In the shadow of the Great Depression (1929 –1939), the New Deal programs of President Franklin D.
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